HOW TO CHANGE MAC ADDRESS ?

every network interface card(nic) have this mac address
this number was given by the manufacturer
usally a mac address is written in a 12 digit hexadecimal number
for example 00-13-3f-7f-d7-27
to find mac address winkey+r-->cmd--->ipconfig /all

address resolution protocol(arp):-

arp is used to fin the mac address of a system of victim when ip address is known
to view arp table on the computer
to find this arp winkey+r--->cmd-->arp -a


mac address spoofing:-

this means to change the mac address follow 3 steps
step 1:- winkey+r--->ipconfig /all and note down the mac address
step 2:- download the ether change too from the site http://ntsecurity.nu/toolbox/etherchange/
step 3:- now in cmd go to the location which you install the ether change and type ether change
and follow the steps
step 4:- now disable and again enable the connection of network adopter now mac address is changed

NOW THE OTHER WAY TO CHANGE THE MAC ADDRESS MANUALLY

step1:-go to regedit and follow the location
[HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Class\{4D36E96A-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}]

step2:-under this key there will be serval 4 digit sub keys each represeting a perticular n/w adopter
and whose mac address you want to change should be search manually by a key
called 'driverdesc'press control+f and type driverdesc yopu can see each adoter search
until you get desired adopter.

step3:-on right hand pane you need to create or edit the string key named 'network address'
note:-data type should be reg_sz

step4:-value of the string should be the new mac address
note:- valu should be between a to f and 0 to 9 only other values comes to zero

step5:-now disable and again enable the connection of network adopter
now mac address is changed

VARIATION OF IP ADDRESSES

Internal ip address:-

the ip address of our system is called as internal ip address
it can be known by following steps
by default every os has a common ip 127.0.0.1

win key+r-->type cmd--->type ipconfig
127.0.0.1 by pinging to this no we can identify our lan card is working or not


External ip address:-

the ip address of our system which is visible to other computers is called
as External ip address this is changed by the proxy which we use.

there are several web sites to know our External ip address

They are 1)www.whatismyip.com

2)www.whatismyipaddress.com

HOW IP ADDRESSES ARE CLASSIFIED

What is ip address and How can we classify the ip address how we can solve some problems such as blocked sites e.t.c

Ip address is a 32 bit address which was divided in to 4 equal parts (i.e.) 8bits each

Let us take an example here yahoo ip address is 87.248.113.14

Here 87 is the first 8 bits and 248 is the 2nd 8bits and 113 is the 3rd 8 bits14 is the 4th 8 bits

This ip address is divided in to 5 classes

They are:-
1) A---->0.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
2) B---->128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
3) C---->192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
4) D---->224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
5) E---->240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

In 'A' class the first 8 bits are network id and next 24 bits are host id
In 'B' class the first 16 bits are network id and next 16 bits are host id
In 'C' class the first 24 bits are network id and next 8 bits are host id
In 'D' class the 32 bits are multi cast group id
Class 'e' is not in use


The yahoo ip address is 87.248.113.14 we can convert this ip in to many forms
Such as hexadecimal notation,DWord value, binary form, octal format

Let us see the various formats
Decimal ---->87.248.113.14
Hexadecimal ---->57f8710e
Dword ---->147589962
Binary ---->1010111111110000111000100001110
Octal ---->0127.0370.0161.016
Note:-type these formats in browser
Note:-not all browser support all format

coding

The number system is actually a system of codes to represent information that is not intrinsic to the code itself. So is the alphabet.

Since encryption also involves coding, some people confuse between codes and encryption. While there are elements common to both, the purpose of coding is to represent information efficiently, enabling arithmetical and logical manipulation, while the purpose of encryption is to hide information from unauthorized people. In that sense, code is information that is potentially available to all who who know the rules of coding and code-manipulation, while encryption is the process of restricting the meaning of the code to a select few. A good example of code would be DNA where the information is coded but not hidden. An example of encryption would be the way user-passwords are stored by most website databases.